樱花视频

Programmatic organization of surveillance efforts as VBIs is a useful principle to prioritize surveillance efforts

Strict adherence to a VBI-only surveillance program must be balanced with an understanding of prevailing disease threats

VBI surveillance efforts should be closely coordinated with human surveillance

Although disease burden in zoonotic or vector populations is of interest, it is so primarily because of the potential impact on humans

Human VBI case definitions should require laboratory confirmation

Clinical diagnoses of most VBI are of limited sensitivity and specificity; pathogen level identification will guide effective treatment

Case definitions employed should be able to be applied consistently across disparate geographies and longitudinally

If surveillance goal is to map disease in areas of sparse infrastructure, simpler laboratory techniques may be preferable

Advancing technologies should be evaluated continually and incorporated without jeopardizing capability for analysis of longitudinal trends

Balance must be achieved between newer diagnostic technologies and adherence to established laboratory case definitions. Substitution of more sensitive methods may erroneously mimic disease emergence

Standardized laboratory and clinical approaches should be judiciously applied and implemented based on proximal impact on human health

The imperative for a 鈥渟tandardized鈥� surveillance system must be tempered with consideration for the cost-benefit ratio of implementing such standards

To properly power epidemiological studies over a broad geography, laboratory case definitions may diverge from those typically used to guide clinical diagnoses

Example: Studies intended to define the geospatial extent of antimicrobial drug resistance might seek to characterize genotypes from extracted DNA rather than rely on determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from viable organisms, despite the fact that the latter may be more predictive of clinical outcome

Patient samples and associated clinical data must be recorded and maintained in a data and specimen repository in a consistent manner over time

Longitudinal trends can be better assessed if specimens and associated demographic data are catalogued in a manner to allow for retrospective trend analysis

Full use must be made of existing, appropriately collected and catalogued sample sets for retroactive analysis

As technology advances, capability to diagnose previously 鈥渦ndiscovered鈥� pathogens can be applied retroactively to banked specimens to better determine the pace of emergence