Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Table 2 The effect of suboptimal breastfeeding on selected outcomes during infancy

听	听	0-5 months*			0-11 months*
Outcome	Reference Category	Predominant	Partial	Not	Partial	Not
Pneumonia Incidence	Exclusive	1.79 (1.29-2.48)[27]	2.48 (0.23-27.15)[27]	2.07 (0.19-22.64)[27]	-	-
Pneumonia Prevalence	Exclusive	1.13 (0.25-5.16)[18]	5.45 (1.35-21.97)[18]	5.61 (1.23-25.53)[18]	-	-
听	Predominant	听	4.81 (2.54-9.14)[18]	4.96 (2.07-11.88)[18]	听	听
听	Partial	听	听	1.03 (0.54-1.95)[18]	听	听
Pneumonia Mortality	Exclusive	1.66 (0.53-5.23)[19, 20]	2.50 (1.03-6.04)[19, 20]	14.97 (0.67-332.74)[19, 20]	听	听
听	Predominant	听	1.37 (0.50-3.78)[20]	13.0 (4.03-42.02)[20]	1.40 (0.91-2.15)[21, 22]	2.11 (1.50-2.96)[21, 22]
听	Partial	听	听	9.47 (2.85-31.47)[20]	听	1.31 (0.9-1.9)[22]
All-Cause Mortality	Exclusive	1.48 (1.14-1.92)[19, 20, 25]	2.84 (1.63-4.97)[19, 20, 25]	14.40 (6.13-33.86)[19, 20]	-	^-
听	Predominant	听	1.69 (1.10-2.61)[20]	8.08 (4.45-14.69)[20]	听	听
听	Partial	听	听	4.77 (2.65-8.61)[20]	听	听
Pneumonia Hospitalization	Exclusive	1.49 (0.80-2.79)[20]	1.54 (0.80-2.98)[20]	4.06 (1.48-11.14)[20]	听	听
听	Predominant	听	1.04 (0.66-1.62)[20]	2.72 (1.12-6.61)[20]	3.44 (1.60-7.37)[26]	8.99 (4.59-17.59)[26]
听	Partial	听	听	2.63 (1.06-6.53)[20]	听	2.62 (1.69-4.04)[26]
听	Any	听	听	听	听	4.32 (2.95-6.33)[26]
All-Cause Hospitalization	Exclusive	1.98 (1.25-3.12)[20]	1.88 (1.16-3.04)[20]	6.03 (3.18-11.44)[20]	-	-
听	Predominant	听	0.95 (0.71-1.28)[20]	3.05 (1.82-5.11)[20]	听	听
听	Partial	听	听	3.21 (1.88-5.49)[20]	听	听

ISSN: 1471-2458