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Table 2 Associations between antenatal attendance, and access to other services and birth outcomes in worst case scenario (women with unknown attendance classified as not having attended ANC)

From: Attendance at antenatal clinics in inner-city Johannesburg, South Africa and its associations with birth outcomes: analysis of data from birth registers at three facilities

Variable

Univariate odds ratio

P

Multivariate odds ratio

P

Had an HIV test

鈥傾ttended ANC

鈥冣赌僘别蝉

1.0

<0.001

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣赌僋辞

0.04 (0.04鈥�0.05)

0.05 (0.05鈥�0.06)

鈥侨颈迟别

鈥冣�働rimary level

1.0

听

1.0

听

鈥冣�僑econdary level

3.38 (3.04鈥�3.76)

<0.001

3.01 (2.66鈥�3.41)

<0.001

鈥冣�僒ertiary level

6.74 (6.25鈥�7.27)

<0.001

5.36 (4.92鈥�5.85)

<0.001

Had a Caesarean section

鈥傾ttended ANC

鈥冣赌僘别蝉

1.0

<0.001

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣赌僋辞

0.34 (0.31鈥�0.38)

0.39 (0.35鈥�0.44)

鈥侨颈迟别

鈥冣�僑econdary level

1.0

<0.001

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣�僒ertiary level

3.75 (3.47鈥�4.05)

3.35 (3.10鈥�3.63)

鈥僅IV status

鈥冣赌僋别驳补迟颈惫别

1.0

听

1.0

听

鈥冣赌働辞蝉颈迟颈惫别

1.06 (1.00鈥�1.13)

0.04

1.0 (0.94鈥�1.06)

0.98

鈥冣赌僓苍办苍辞飞苍

0.50 (0.45鈥�0.56)

<0.001

0.64 (0.57鈥�0.72)

<0.001

鈥僄estation at childbirth

鈥冣�僒erm or post-term

1.0

<0.001

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣赌働谤别迟别谤尘

1.46 (1.37鈥�1.56)

1.24 (1.17鈥�1.33)

Preterm birth

鈥傾ttended ANC

鈥冣赌僘别蝉

1.0

0.77

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣赌僋辞

1.01 (0.92鈥�1.11)

1.59 (1.40鈥�1.79)

鈥侨颈迟别

鈥冣�働rimary level

1.0

<0.001

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣�僑econdary level

3.34 (2.07鈥�5.40)

5.41 (3.34鈥�8.78)

鈥冣�僒ertiary level

106.6 (72.5鈥�156.9)

<0.001

216.9 (146.1鈥�322.1)

<0.001

鈥僆nfant sex

鈥冣赌僊补濒别

1.0

0.55

-

-

鈥冣赌僃别尘补濒别

0.98 (0.92鈥�1.05)

鈥僅IV status

鈥冣赌僋别驳补迟颈惫别

1.0

<0.001

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣赌働辞蝉颈迟颈惫别

1.25 (1.16鈥�1.33)

1.33 (1.23鈥�1.43)

鈥冣赌僓苍办苍辞飞苍

1.13 (1.03鈥�1.24)

<0.001

4.01 (3.53鈥�4.55)

<0.001

Stillbirtha

鈥傾ttended ANC

鈥冣赌僘别蝉

1.0

<0.001

1.0

0.02

鈥冣赌僋辞

2.0 (1.6鈥�2.4)

1.40 (1.06鈥�1.85)

鈥侨颈迟别

鈥冣�働rimary level

1.0

0.78

1.0

0.08

鈥冣�僑econdary level

0.92 (0.50鈥�1.67)

1.73 (0.93鈥�3.19)

鈥冣�僒ertiary level

6.57 (4.59鈥�9.40)

<0.001

16.6 (11.2鈥�24.7)

<0.001

鈥僅IV status

鈥冣赌僋别驳补迟颈惫别

1.0

听

1.0

听

鈥冣赌働辞蝉颈迟颈惫别

1.12 (0.90鈥�1.38)

0.31

1.09 (0.87鈥�1.36)

0.46

鈥冣赌僓苍办苍辞飞苍

2.38 (1.93鈥�2.93)

<0.001

4.24 (3.29鈥�5.48)

<0.001

鈥僁elivery mode

鈥冣�僔aginal delivery

1.0

0.14

1.0

<0.001

鈥冣�僀aesarean section

0.87 (0.72鈥�1.05)

0.5 (0.4鈥�0.6)

鈥僆nfant sex

鈥冣赌僊补濒别

1.0

0.004

1.0

0.004

鈥冣赌僃别尘补濒别

0.77 (0.65鈥�0.92)

0.76 (0.64鈥�0.92)

  1. Caesarean sections are not done at HCHC. No births considered post-term. Worst case scenario is the number of women who attended ANC among all women (women with unknown attendance classified as not having attended ANC)
  2. aIncludes death shortly after birth
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