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Table 5 The relationship between physical activity and fitness

From: Systematic review of the relationships between physical activity and health indicators in the early years (0-4聽years)

# of studies

Design

Quality assessment

# of participants

Absolute effect

Quality

Risk of bias

Inconsistency

Indirectness

Imprecision

Other

Mean baseline age ranged from 4.04-4.48聽years. One study reported the sample was of preschool age but did not provide a mean or range. Data were collected by longitudinal with 1-year follow-up and cross-sectional study designs. Fitness was assessed as cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill test, 20-m shuttle run from the PREFIT fitness test battery), muscular fitness including handgrip strength and standing long jump (PREFIT fitness test battery), speed-agility (4聽脳聽10 shuttle run from the PREFIT fitness test battery), and physical working capacity (Ruffier鈥檚 test using Ruffier鈥揇ickson index). All outcomes were objectively measured.

1

Longitudinala

Serious risk of biasb

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

None

123

TPA was favourably associated with cardiorespiratory fitness [43].

VERY LOWc

2

Cross-sectionald

Serious risk of biase

No serious inconsistency

No serious indirectness

No serious imprecision

Exposure/outcome gradientf

594

Cardiorespiratory fitness

TPA was favourably associated with fitness (only for 95th, 90th, 75th but not 50th and 25th percentiles of vector magnitude in 1 study) in 2 studies [55, 117].

LPA was not associated with fitness in 1 study [55].

MPA was not associated with fitness in 1 study [55].

MVPA was favourably associated with fitness in 1 study [55].

VPA was favourably associated with fitness in 1 study [55].

Other fitness measures

TPA was favourably associated with muscular fitness and speed-agility (only for 95th, 90th, 75th but not 50th and 25th percentiles of vector magnitude and not for standing long jump at the 75th percentile) in 1 study [55].

LPA was not associated with muscular fitness and speed-agility in 1 study [55].

MPA was not associated with muscular fitness and speed-agility in 1 study [55].

MVPA was favourably associated with muscular fitness (standing long jump but not handgrip strength) and speed-agility in 1 study [55].

VPA was favourably associated with muscular fitness and speed-agility in 1 study [55].

VERY

LOWg

  1. LPA: light-intensity physical activity; MPA: moderate-intensity physical activity; MVPA: moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity; TPA: total physical activity; VPA: vigorous-intensity physical activity
  2. aIncludes 1 longitudinal study [43]
  3. bThe findings that were reported did not adjust for any potential confounders
  4. cQuality of evidence was downgraded from 鈥渓ow鈥� to 鈥渧ery low鈥� because of serious risk of bias
  5. dIncludes 2 cross-sectional studies [55, 117]
  6. eNo potential confounders were adjusted for; a convenience sample was used and it is unclear if the fitness measure is suitable for this age group in 1 study [117]. Potentially inappropriate statistical analysis: other movement behaviours were mutually adjusted for in the fully adjusted models in 1 study [55]
  7. fA gradient for higher TPA, MVPA, VPA with higher fitness was observed in 1 study [55]
  8. gQuality of evidence was downgraded from 鈥渓ow鈥� to 鈥渧ery low鈥� because of serious risk of bias; because of this limitation, was not upgraded for an exposure/outcome gradient
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