The cost of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Kenya

Emukule, Gideon O.; Ndegwa, Linus K.; Washington, Michael L.; Paget, John W.; Duque, Jazmin; Chaves, Sandra S.; Otieno, Nancy A.; Wamburu, Kabura; Ndigirigi, Irene W.; Muthoka, Philip M.; van der Velden, Koos; Mott, Joshua A.

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6773-6

Table 2 Overall costs (US$^d), including direct and indirect costs, related to influenza-associated illness among inpatients in Kenya, July 2013鈥揂ugust 2014

From: The cost of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Kenya

Expenditure item	&濒迟;鈥�5鈥墆别补谤蝉			鈮�5鈥墆别补谤蝉			Total
Expenditure item	n	Mean (SD)	Range (min-max)	n	Mean (SD)	Range (min-max)	n	Mean (SD)	Range (min-max)
Direct cost	76	75.42 (71.10)	6.45鈥�573.17	14	75.45 (36.27)	23.89鈥�143.91	90	75.43 (66.73)	6.45鈥�573.17
Healthcare prior to hospital/clinic visit	88	7.59 (16.95)	0.00鈥�111.11	17	6.56 (8.48)	0.00鈥�27.78	105	7.42 (15.86)	0.00鈥�111.11
Total facility-based medical costs	83	59.81 (63.60)	6.45鈥�561.50	15	55.77 (27.05)	14.67鈥�117.90	98	59.19 (59.39)	6.45鈥�561.50
鈥僊别诲颈肠补迟颈辞苍蝉	83	13.90 (52.47)	0.33鈥�480.23	15	18.31 (17.45)	0.33鈥�64.78	98	14.58 (48.72)	0.33鈥�480.23
鈥僅ospital bed fees	83	22.11 (13.95)	2.22鈥�62.22	15	15.70 (6.13)	2.22鈥�25.00	98	21.13 (13.24)	2.22鈥�62.22
鈥働rocedure fees (non鈭�/surgical)	83	2.48 (5.03)	0.00鈥�41.11	15	2.44 (2.19)	0.00鈥�5.56	98	2.48 (4.70)	0.00鈥�41.11
鈥僁iagnostic tests	83	4.59 (9.72)	0.00鈥�82.78	15	7.84 (10.33)	0.00鈥�38.00	98	5.09 (9.83)	0.00鈥�82.78
鈥僐outine health facility service management cost^a	83	16.59 (10.24)	3.23鈥�45.16	15	11.40 (4.02)	3.23鈥�19.35	98	15.80 (9.72)	3.23鈥�45.16
Total transportation costs	88	4.68 (8.02)	0.00鈥�56.67	17	6.86 (9.78)	0.00鈥�36.67	105	5.03 (8.32)	0.00鈥�56.67
鈥働ersonal car/taxi	10	10.88 (9.51)	0.56鈥�32.22	5	23.91 (28.40)	0.67鈥�66.67	15	15.22 (18.14)	0.56鈥�66.67
鈥僊补迟补迟耻/产耻蝉	70	9.39 (9.79)	0.89鈥�67.78	17	6.74 (5.35)	0.67鈥�17.89	87	8.87 (9.13)	0.67鈥�67.78
鈥僊辞迟辞谤产颈办别/产颈办别/迟耻办迟耻办	15	5.36 (5.08)	1.11鈥�17.78	2	16.39 (12.18)	7.78鈥�25.00	17	6.66 (6.73)	1.11鈥�25.00
Healthcare after discharge	88	3.25 (5.95)	0.00鈥�34.44	17	3.43 (7.53)	0.00鈥�31.11	105	3.28 (6.19)	0.00鈥�34.44
Child care cost	88	0.14 (0.81)	0.00鈥�5.56	17	0.00 (0.00)	0.00鈥�0.00	105	0.11 (0.75)	0.00鈥�5.56
Indirect cost (Average household productivity loss^b)	81	38.94 (38.59)	0.00鈥�187.50	15	58.61 (53.37)	11.11鈥�180.56	96	42.01 (41.54)	0.00鈥�187.50
Total cost per episode^c	76	114.25 (90.03)	9.89鈥�670.39	14	137.45 (76.24)	36.86鈥�287.57	90	117.86 (88.04)	9.89鈥�670.39
Total cost per episode paid out of pocket	76	76.45 (55.13)	2.22鈥�302.22	14	137.45 (76.24)	36.86鈥�287.57	90	85.94 (62.49)	2.22鈥�302.22

SD Standard Deviation, NA Not applicable; ^aRoutine healthcare facility management costs for healthcare service costs per day (equipment maintenance, electricity, water, stationary, e.t.c); ^bEstimated by multiplying the average days when the household lost income opportunities by the household average daily income; ^cSum of direct and indirect costs
^d1 US$鈥�=鈥�90 Kenya Shillings

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Table 2 Overall costs (US$^d), including direct and indirect costs, related to influenza-associated illness among inpatients in Kenya, July 2013鈥揂ugust 2014

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