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Table 2 The relationship between pre-frailty/frailty and various behavioural and psychological factors

From: Behavioural and psychological factors associated with pre-frailty in community-dwelling adults aged 40 and over: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Total (n = 321)

Non-frail (n = 113)

Pre-frail (n = 191)

Frail (n = 17)

F-value a

P

Age [years] †

55.88 (10.55)

57.85* (10.58)

54.86* (10.36)

54.24 (11.10)

3.10

.046* (.019)a

BMI§

27.65 (7.28)

25.64* Δ (5.17)

28.50* (7.90)

31.43 Δ (8.95)

8.23

 < .001*** (.049)

Functional Comorbidities Index

1.99 (1.94)

1.16* Δ (1.23)

2.24*Ó˦ (1.92)

4.82 ΔÓ˦ (2.65)

36.59

 < .001*** (.187)

Felt age

52.11 (15.19)

46.78* Δ (11.77)

53.66*Ó˦ (14.67)

70.18 ΔÓ˦ (22.64)

22.69

 < .001*** (.125)

IPAQ MET¶ Hours

65.39 (78.71)

78.51 (80.63)

58.07 (76.94)

61.06 (79.22)

2.40

.092 (.015)

IPAQ Average Weekday Minutes Sitting

400.80 (222.59)

256.11 (210.62)*

420.75 (214.92)*

473.25 (326.92)

3.99

.019* (.025)

SF12# Physical Component Summary

36.14 (4.51)

35.70 Δ (4.04)

36.13 (4.66)

39.17 Δ (4.76)

4.48

.012* (.027)

SF12 Mental Component Summary

39.14 (7.44)

41.83* Δ (5.39)

38.51*Ó˦ (7.68)

28.43 ΔÓ˦ (4.88)

30.40

 < .001*** (.161)

Attitude to Ageing Questionnaire Scores

41.20 (8.65)

45.63* Δ (7.15)

39.18*Ó˦ (8.39)

33.27 ΔÓ˦ (7.40)

31.04

 < .001*** (.167)

3-Item UCLA Loneliness Scores

5.35 (1.95)

4.57* Δ (1.57)

5.70* (1.99)

6.88 Δ (1.90)

19.04

 < .001*** (.107)

LSNS-6‡

23.12 (5.04)

24.17* (4.77)

22.49* (5.15)

23.12 (4.70)

3.93

.021* (.025)

  1. †Mean (SD)
  2. §Body Mass Index
  3. ¶International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Metabolic Equivalent of Task
  4. #Short Form 12
  5. ‡6 item Lubben Social Network Scale
  6. aOne-way ANOVAs (η2)
  7. Games-Howell post hoc significance indicated as follows: * non-frail vs. pre-frail, Δ non-frail vs. frail, and Ó˦ pre-frail vs. frail