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Validation and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the suicidal ideation attributes scale (SIDAS)

樱花视频 volume听25, Article听number:听972 (2025) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of Suicidal ideation is increasing in the world. A suitable tool is needed to identify suicide thoughts in the early stage. This study aimed to translation and cultural adaptation of Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS) among Iranian general people.

Methods

This study was conducted on 1297 participants (EFA鈥�=鈥�364 samples, CFA鈥�=鈥�933 samples) in 2024. The psychometric properties of SIDAS including of face validity, content validity, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis), Cronbach鈥檚 alpha coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and McDonald鈥檚 omega coefficient were evaluated.

Results

The scores of S-CVI/ Ave and CVR of SIDAS were 1 and 1, respectively. One factor with eigenvalues more than 1 was extracted in EFA section and explained 70.95% variance of SIDAS. In EFA, results showed that the rate of Kaiser Meyer Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.817. In CFA, the one factor was evaluated and confirmed based on the goodness-of-fit indices (for example: CFI鈥�=鈥�0.995, RMSEA鈥�=鈥�0.061, NFI鈥�=鈥�0.994, GFI鈥�=鈥�0.992). In reliability section, the McDonald鈥檚 omega coefficient, Cronbach鈥檚 alpha coefficient, and ICC of SIDAS were 0.931, 0.779, and 0.880, respectively.

Conclusion

The Persian version of SIDAS was confirmed with One factor and 5 items and this brief scale is appropriate for measure the presence and severity of suicidal thoughts in the general population.

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Introduction

One million people in the world [1] and According to a survey conducted on 46 Muslim countries in 2019, about 4334 people in Iran died due to suicide [2]. Suicide as an unprecedented and serious social health crisis is the fifth cause of death in Iran and among the ten main causes of death of all ages around the world [3,4,5]. Suicide has profound effects not only on the dying person, but also on the mourned people and the community [1] and with each death of the suicide, about 60 are directly affected [6]. As a result, suicide prevention, especially in its early stages, is considered a vital strategy [4, 5].

The phenomenon of suicide includes four stages of suicidal thoughts, suicide planning, suicide attempt and suicide completion [3]. Suicide ideations are often known as suicide ideas or suicidal thoughts and is used as a broad term to describe a range of intellectual conflict, wishes and thoughts on death and suicide [7]. Suicidal thoughts are common in Iran, and about 12.7% of Iranians experience suicidal thoughts throughout their lives [8, 9]. Suicidal thoughts are emergency issues in psychiatry and one of the most important predictors of suicide attempt, and in the first year that one experiences suicidal thoughts, the risk of suicide attempt increases to 170 times. As a result, prevention, early identification and treatment of suicidal ideation to improve mental health and reduce the risk of suicide are required. Screening of suicidal thoughts or suicidal ideation, both in public and specialized medical care and in populations such as society, can be a key strategy for preventing suicide [10,11,12].

In this regard, the presence of a standard, precise and brief tool for screening suicidal thoughts can be very helpful. One of the existing tools translated in Iran is the Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI) [13]. This tool was presented in 1979 by Beck et al., and has 19 items and examines the existence and severity of suicidal thoughts over the past week [14]. The BSSI tool, despite providing extensive information, is often not suitable for online or epidemiological studies because it requires prescription by a clinical trained person and is not brief for epidemiological studies [15].

Another existing tool is the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS). This scale was presented and evaluated in 2014 by Van Spijker et al. [15]. This scale has five items and measured with zero to 10-point scale and assess the presence and severity of suicidal thoughts over the past month in terms of frequency, closeness to attempt, controllability, level of distress associated with the suicidal thoughts and its impact on daily functioning [15].

SIDAS is newer and more concise than the BSSI tool [16]. Also, with the zero-to-ten-point scale, it will be more sensitive to changes. Also, this tool has high convergence and internal compatibility and has been evaluated in Australia, France, China and the United Kingdom so far [15,16,17,18]. This tool has not been translated and evaluated in Iran so far. As a result, given the prevalence of suicidal thought in Iran [8] and the importance of a tool for screening and early identification of these thoughts, this study aimed to translation and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of SIDAS among general people.

Methods

This psychometric investigation study was conducted among 1297 general population (EFA鈥�=鈥�364 samples, CFA鈥�=鈥�933 samples) between February and June 2024 in the city of Gonabad (in eastern Iran).

Participants and sampling

Comrey and Lee (1992) introduced a sample size of 1000 or more as excellent [19]; As a result, a total of 1297 participants from the general population (EFA鈥�=鈥�364 samples, CFA鈥�=鈥�933 samples) were included in the study in a simple random way. This large sample size was adopted to increase precision. In Iran, the integrated health system includes health information and biographies of all people in the society, so it was chosen as the sampling framework in this study. After taking into account the inclusion criteria, i.e. age鈥夆墺鈥�18 (The study was conducted on adults, so adolescents and children were not included in this study), lack of mental and cognitive impairment (Because having cognitive disorders can lead to heterogeneous responses and outliers), and living in Gonabad for at least 6 months (To eliminate the confounding effect of place of residence), 1310 people were included in the study in a simple random manner. During sampling, to ensure diversity, it was considered to sample each area of 鈥嬧�婫onabad. After selecting the samples, the researchers visited the participants鈥� homes and delivered the questionnaires to the participants. After explaining the purpose of the study, mentioning the confidentiality of the information and obtaining written informed consent, the questionnaires were completed by the participants in the form of self-report. In this study, the incomplete completion of the questionnaires (less than 70%) was considered as an exclusion criterion, so the questionnaires of 13 participants were excluded from the study.

Tools

1) Demographic section: In this section, information such as sex, age, occupation, marital status, and education level were obtained.

2) Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS): This tool was developed in 2014 by Van Spijker et al. [15] to screening suicidal thoughts. This tool has 5 items that measure suicidal thoughts, if any, in terms of 5 features: controllability, frequency, closeness to attempt, impact on daily functioning and level of distress associated with the thoughts. Each item is scored from 0 to 10 and then the total score is calculated. A greater score indicates a greater intensity of suicidal thoughts. Cronbach鈥檚 alpha of this tool was 0.91, and scores greater than 20 had 95.8% specificity for the presence of suicidal planning in the past year [15].

Translation of SIDAS

First, the corresponding author communicated with one of the developers of the tool and permission and the original version of SIDAS were received. Then the translation of SIDAS from English to Farsi was carried out according to the guidelines [20] and during 5 steps in the following order: forward translation (in Persian) by two people, integration of forward translations, backward translation (in English) by two other people, integration of backward translations and preparation of the final version and finally translation of the final version into Persian and application of Persian SIDAS to check validity and reliability.

Face validity

In order to assess the qualitative face validity of SIDAS, 5 participants from the public population evaluated the Persian SIDAS in terms of ambiguity, difficulty level and irrelevancy.

Content validity

In order to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative validity of the Persian version of SIDAS, it was provided to an expert panel consisting of 8 people (psychologists and health education and health promotion specialists). In the qualitative phase, the use of vocabulary, grammar, clarity, simplicity and location of the items were evaluated, and in the quantitative phase, the items were scored in terms of necessity and relevancy by the expert panel, and then the CVR and S-CVI/Ave indices were calculated.

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

Before performing the factor analysis, normal distribution, outliers, and missing data were checked. Mahalanobis test was used to checked the outlier data and data normality was checked using skewness and kurtosis. Considering that one of the goals of this study was the cultural adaptation of SIDAS in Iranian society, at first the extractable factors were evaluated in EFA. In this step, maximum likelihood extraction method was used [21, 22]. First, the adequacy of the sample size was evaluated using KMO (Kaiser Meyer Olkin) and Significance of correlation matrix relationships was evaluated using BTS (Bartlett鈥檚 Test of Sphericity) ( 0.8鈥夆墹鈥塊MO鈥夆墹鈥�1, BTS鈥�<鈥�0.05). The factor loadings were checked at this stage. Then, the number of extracted factors was evaluated using scree plot and eigen value [23, 24].

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

In the next step, CFA using Maximum Likelihood was performed to check the compatibility between the SIDAS factor model (factors extracted in EFA) and the data. The factor loadings were checked at this stage. The goodness-of-fit of the SIDAS was evaluated with the following indicators: comparative fix index (CFI) with an acceptable values greater than 0.9, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) with an acceptable values greater than 0.9, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with an acceptable values less than 0.08, relative fit index (RFI) with an acceptable values greater than 0.9, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) with an acceptable values of more than 0.9, normed fit index (NFI) with an acceptable values of more than 0.9, and incremental fit index (IFI) with an acceptable values of more than 0.9 [25,26,27,28].

Reliability

McDonald鈥檚 omega and Cronbach鈥檚 alpha coefficients were calculated to evaluate the reliability of internal consistency. Values 鈥嬧�媋bove 0.7 are suitable and acceptable for these coefficients [29, 30]. Also, 33 participants completed the questionnaire twice with a two-week interval. Then the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. ICC above 0.8 is considered excellent [31].

Statistical analysis

In the current study, EFA, ICC and Cronbach鈥檚 alpha coefficient were performed with SPSS version 24, CFA with AMOS version 24 software and McDonald鈥檚 omega coefficient with JASP version 0.11.1 software.

Results

Demographic characteristics

The mean (卤鈥塻tandard deviation) ages of participants in EFA and CFA were 36.29 (卤鈥�13.37) and 36.29 (卤鈥�13.31). More of the participants were female, married, housewife, and had bachelor鈥檚 degree (Table听1).

Table 1 Frequency distribution of demographic characteristics
Full size table

Face and content validity

In qualitative face validity and content validity, 1 item and 2 items were modified respectively. In this section, based on suggestions from experts and participants, synonyms and simpler equivalent words were used to replace the previous Persian translation words. In quantitative content validity, the rate of S-CVI/ Ave and CVR of Persian version of SIDAS were 1 and 1, respectively.

EFA

At first, the results showed that data were normal and there was no missing data. In this section, the value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.817 and approved the sampling adequacy (Bartlett鈥檚 test: p鈥�<鈥�0.001, 蠂2鈥�=鈥�1835.567, df鈥�=鈥�10). In EFA, one factor with eigenvalues more than 1 was extracted and explained 70.95% variance of SIDAS.

CFA

The 1 factor extracted in EFA was evaluated in CFA and was approved based on the results of goodness-of-fit indices. In the final model, one modification was created between measurement error of e3 to e4 (Fig.听1) and all of factor loadings were more than 0.5 (Table听2). After created modification the value of all goodness-of-fit indices were improved and all of them were acceptable (Table听3). Based on the results, the model fit indicators (for example: RMSEA鈥�=鈥�0.061, NFI鈥�=鈥�0.994, CFI鈥�=鈥�0.995, GFI鈥�=鈥�0.992) had the standard value and confirmed the Persian version of SIDAS with one factor and 5 items (Table听3).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Standardized parameter estimates for the factor structure of the Persian version of SIDAS in second model

Full size image
Table 2 Factor loadings of the Persian version of SIDAS in EFA and CFA
Full size table
Table 3 The model fit indicators of the Persian version of SIDAS
Full size table

Reliability

The Internal consistency reliability of SIDAS with 5 items was approved (Cronbach鈥檚 alpha coefficient鈥�=鈥�0.779, McDonald Omega coefficient鈥�=鈥�0.931). The value of ICC was 0.880 (95% Confidence Interval: Lower Bound鈥�=鈥�0.756, Upper Bound鈥�=鈥�0.941, P-惫补濒耻别鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.001).

Discussion

This study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of SIDAS in Iran, and in general, the validity and reliability of this questionnaire was confirmed with 5 questions and 1 factor. The Cronbach鈥檚 alpha coefficient and McDonald鈥檚 omega coefficient and ICC were used to evaluate the reliability of the tool, which showed that the questionnaire had a good reliability in the Iranian population. The Internal consistency of SIDAS was similar to the most used scales such as Columbia鈥揝uicide Severity Rating Scale [32]. This finding shows that SIDAS is a reliable and credible criterion for evaluating suicide thoughts in the Iranian population. The characteristics of this tool have also been evaluated in other populations [16, 17]. A study by Harris et al., in United Kingdom aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of SIDAS in people with psychotic people showed that this tool had a good validity and reliability [16]. Also, Gauvin et al., in their study showed that the French version of SIDAS has good validity and reliability and proposes it as an effective tool for online screening suicide ideas for both adolescents and adults [17]. Van Spijker et al. also showed in an Australian study that the web-based suicidal ideation scale also has high internal consistency and good convergence [15].

The SIDAS compared to other scales that evaluate suicide thoughts, such as Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, has the advantage of being concise and efficient and emphasizing the intensity of suicide thoughts. Therefore, SIDAS can be used to collect more accurate information about suicide thought in epidemiological studies. While other tools in this area mostly examines the factors related suicidal thoughts such as despair, desire for life or suicide attempts. These factors have been shown to be associated with suicide, but are not included in the SIDAS due to the shortness of the tool [32, 33]. This shows that although SIDAS is a useful tool for examining the intensity of suicide thoughts, but further research for assessment of this tool is required in clinical importance and clinical application (for example, how much the scale is related to suicide prevention) [34].

Understanding the causes of suicide behavior can vary across cultures, which is important when responding to a questionnaire on suicidal ideation. Some people might not attention to their suicidal thoughts as concerning because cultural interpretations of mental health issues can vary [35].

According to the results of this study, although the first item of this tool (In the past month, how often have you had thoughts about suicide? ) had good factor loading, validity and reliability, however, it may be led to false positive results for a small percentage of people who have mourned suicide or people who work in suicide prevention and have relatively harmless suicide ideas. However, in our study, due to the single factor of the tool and the strong correlation of this item with subsequent items, it does not support this interpretation. In the case of item 3 (In the past month, how close have you come to making a suicide attempt? ), The 鈥渃loseness to action as a result of thoughts鈥� may be severely misinterpreted by behavior. When using this tool, it is necessary to provide a precise definition of suicide and suicide ideas to the target group [36].

Strengths and limitations

One of the strengths of this study was that the research was conducted with large sample and community -based research, which could help the widespread use of this tool in future studies and research. This feature minimizes measurement bias for variables in this study. One of the limitations of this study was that data were gathered by questionnaire in self-report method and may have some errors. This study is also conducted on the public community, and for clinical applications, the psychometric characteristics of this tool are recommended to evaluate in clinical samples for future research.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that Persian version of SIDAS is a short, appropriate, reliable and valid tool to assess intensity of suicide thought in the Iranian population and it is suitable for gathering more accurate information about suicide thought in epidemiological studies. However, it is suggested that SIDAS be evaluated in a variety of cultures in Iranian people such as Kurdish, Lorry and Turkish and populations with different religious backgrounds. Also, for clinical applications, it is recommended to determine the psychometric properties of this tool in clinical samples. Other studies should also examine the sensitivity and specificity of this tool compared to gold standards.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

SIDAS:

Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale

BSSI:

Beck scale for suicidal ideation

BTS:

Bartlett鈥檚 Test of Sphericity

EFA:

Exploratory factor analysis

KMO:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, CFA: Confirmatory factor analysis

AGFI:

Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index

RFI:

Relative Fit Index

NFI:

Normed Fit Index

GFI:

Goodness of fit index

IFI:

Incremental fit index

RMSEA:

Root mean square error of approximation

X2:

Chi-square

DF:

Degree of freedom

CFI:

Comparative fit index

S-CVI/ Ave:

Scale content validity index averaging

CVR:

Content validity ratio

ICC:

Intraclass correlation coefficient

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Acknowledgements

The authors of the study express their sincere gratitude of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. We would also like to thank all the people who assisted us in conducting this research project.

Funding

This study was received financial support from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Hadi Tehrani and Alireza Jafari contributed equally as first author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Hadi Tehrani

  2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Hadi Tehrani

  3. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Alireza Jafari

  4. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Maliheh Gholamzadeh

  5. Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Kosar Babaei

  6. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Mahbobeh Nejatian

  7. Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Fatemehzahra Naddafi

  8. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Fatemehzahra Naddafi

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Contributions

Authors AJ, HT, MN, FN, MGh, and KB designed the study. AJ, HT, MN, FN, MGh, and KB participated in the conception of the study. AJ, HT and FN managed and conducted the statistical analyses and interpreted the data. AJ and FN wrote the first draft and AJ, FN, and HT revised it to make the final manuscript. All authors have approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatemehzahra Naddafi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study is based on a research project approved by Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with the code of ethics IR.MUMS.REC.1402.297. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable. Written Informed Consent was obtained from all subjects.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Tehrani, H., Jafari, A., Gholamzadeh, M. et al. Validation and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the suicidal ideation attributes scale (SIDAS). 樱花视频 25, 972 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22113-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22113-8

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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