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Community Level Factors

Region of residence (n = 7184)

 Punjab (n = 2030)

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 Sindh (n = 1320)

1.11 (0.97, 1.27)

0.135

1.01 (0.86, 1.17)

0.937

 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (n = 1408)

0.87 (0.76, 1.00)

0.054

0.86 (0.74, 0.99)

0.041

 Balochistan (n = 838)

0.82 (0.70, 0.97)

0.019

0.76 (0.63, 0.91)

0.003

 Gilgit-Baltistan (n = 802)

0.84 (0.71, 0.99)

0.036

0.81 (0.67, 0.97)

0.021

 Azad Jammu and Kashmir (n = 786)

0.91 (0.77, 1.07)

0.238

0.85 (0.72, 1.01)

0.065

Socioeconomic Factors

Wealth index (n = 7184)

 Lowest (n = 2164)

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 Second (n = 2057)

0.92 (0.82, 1.02)

0.121

1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

0.982

 Middle (n = 1376)

0.92 (0.82, 1.04)

0.201

0.98 (0.84, 1.15)

0.832

 Fourth (n = 962)

0.87 (0.75, 1.00)

0.045

0.84 (0.70, 1.02)

0.082

 Highest (n = 625)

0.81 (0.68, 0.96)

0.014

0.73 (0.57, 0.93)

0.011

Maternal education level (n = 7184)

 No education (n = 4363)

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 Less than 9 years (n = 1627)

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

0.278

1.11 (0.99, 1.24)

0.076

 9–12 years (n = 857)

0.86 (0.75, 0.99)

0.031

1.14 (0.98, 1.33)

0.093

 13 years or more (n = 337)

0.64 (0.52, 0.80)

&±ô³Ù; 0.001

0.83 (0.65, 1.06)

0.13

Maternal Factors

Maternal age (years) (n = 7184)

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)

&±ô³Ù; 0.001

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)

&±ô³Ù; 0.001

Currently married (n = 7184)

 Yes (n = 6901)

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 No (n = 283)

0.94 (0.76, 1.16)

0.566

0.76 (0.61, 0.93)

0.009

Environmental Factors

Drinking water source (n = 7183)

 Improved (n = 6547)

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 Unimproved (n = 636)

1.14 (0.99, 1.32)

0.079

1.17 (1.01, 1.37)

0.039

Type of cooking fuel (n = 7182)

 Clean fuel (n = 1687)

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 Solid fuel (n = 5495)

0.98 (0.89, 1.09)

0.715

0.85 (0.75, 0.97)

0.018

Type of sanitation facility (n = 7184)

 Improved (n = 5197)

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 Unimproved (n = 431)

1.19 (1.01, 1.42)

0.043

1.18 (0.99, 1.41)

0.068

 Open defecation (n = 1556)

1.22 (1.10, 1.35)

&±ô³Ù; 0.001

1.19 (1.05, 1.36)

0.007

Health Services Factors

Time to health facility from village (n = 7139)

 10 mins or lesser (n = 555)

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 11–30 mins (n = 2393)

1.10 (0.92, 1.33)

0.298

1.10 (0.91, 1.32)

0.329

 31 mins or more (n = 4191)

1.01 (0.85, 1.21)

0.908

1.00 (0.83, 1.20)

0.994

Lady health worker in village (n = 7158)

 No (n = 3135)

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 Yes (n = 4023)

1.04 (0.95, 1.14)

0.412

1.05 (0.94, 1.16)

0.391

lnalpha

-0.13 (-0.27, 0.01)

alpha

0.88 (0.76, 1.01)

Random Effect (Random Intercept)

Group variable: Clusters

0.10 (0.06, 0.15)