Table 2 Bivariate correlations between mask usage (predictor/explanatory variable) and potential response variables
From: Does mask usage correlate with excess mortality? Findings from 24 European countries
Predictor | Response variable | \(\varvec{\uprho }\)a | CIb | pc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mask usage | Excess mortality | |||
Economist [22] | 0.471 | [0.083, 0.735] | 0.020 | |
eLife [20] | 0.470 | [0.083, 0.734] | 0.021 | |
Lancet [21] | 0.464 | [0.075, 0.731] | 0.022 | |
Multiverse [18] | 0.499 | [0.12, 0.751] | 0.013 | |
PLAA [17] | 0.477 | [0.092, 0.739] | 0.018 | |
PLNAA [17] | 0.521 | [0.149, 0.764] | 0.010 | |
WHO [19] | 0.430 | [0.032, 0.71] | 0.036 | |
Other relevant variables | ||||
Cardiovascular death rate | 0.051 | [鈭�0.36, 0.445] | 0.812 | |
COVID-19 cases/million | \(-0.011\) | [鈭�0.413, 0.394] | 0.959 | |
COVID-19 deaths/million | 0.415 | [0.014, 0.701] | 0.045 | |
Fully vaccinated/hundred | 0.110 | [鈭�0.307, 0.491] | 0.609 | |
GDP per capita | \({-0.529}\) | [鈭�0.768, 鈭�0.159] | 0.009 | |
Gini coefficient | 0.452 | [0.059, 0.723] | 0.027 | |
Human Development Index | \({-0.547}\) | [鈭�0.779, 鈭�0.184] | 0.006 | |
Life expectancy | \(-0.004\) | [鈭�0.407, 0.4] | 0.984 | |
Obesity | 0.144 | [鈭�0.275, 0.517] | 0.502 | |
% of seniors (>65 years) | 0.138 | [鈭�0.281, 0.513] | 0.518 | |
Population (urban) density | 0.289 | [鈭�0.13, 0.62] | 0.171 | |
Stringency Index | 0.518 | [0.145, 0.762] | 0.010 | |