Longitudinal assessment of smoking鈥恟elated knowledge, attitude, and practice for cancer prevention: an analysis of data from the Korean National Cancer Prevention Awareness and Practice Survey

Table 5 Direct and indirect interrelated effects of smoking knowledge, attitude, and practice

Year	Total effect	Direct effect K鈥夆啋鈥塒	Indirect effect 碍鈥夆啋鈥碱鈥夆啋鈥塒	碍鈥夆啋鈥碱	础鈥夆啋鈥塒
2014	0.06 (鈭掆€�0.18, 0.30)	0.04 (鈭掆€�0.20, 0.28)	0.02 (鈭掆€�0.04, 0.08)	0.09 (鈭掆€�0.16, 0.34)	0.21 (0.13, 0.29)
2016	鈥夆垝鈥�0.07 (鈭掆€�0.21, 0.07)	鈥夆垝鈥�0.05(鈭掆€�0.16, 0.00)	鈥夆垝鈥�0.02 (鈭掆€�0.04, 0.00)	0.27 (0.11, 0.43)	鈥夆垝鈥�0.08 (鈭掆€�0.16, 0.00)
2018	0.05 (鈭掆€�0.07, 1.17)	鈥夆垝鈥�0.06 (鈭掆€�0.16, 0.04)	0.11 (0.05, 1.17)	0.23 (0.11, 0.35)	0.48 (0.42, 0.54)
2021	0.15 (0.05, 0.25)	0.06 (鈭掆€�0.04, 0.16)	0.09 (0.05, 0.13)	0.23 (0.13, 0.33)	0.40 (0.36, 0.44)
2023	0.12 (0.04, 0.20)	0.04 (鈭掆€�0.04, 0.12)	0.07 (0.04, 0.10)	0.20 (0.10, 0.30)	0.36 (0.32, 0.40)
Overall	0.08 (0.02, 0.14)	0.01 (鈭掆€�0.01, 0.03)	0.08 (0.06, 0.10)	0.22 (0.20, 0.24)	0.34 (0.32, 0.36)

^*A bootstrap sample of 1,000 was used to calculate effect sizes (with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses). The K-to-A path denotes the effect of knowledge that smoking causes cancer on attitude toward smoking. The A-to-P path denotes the effect of attitude on practicing the decision to quit smoking. The direct effect refers to the effect of knowledge that smoking causes cancer on implementing the decision to quit smoking after adjusting for attitude. The total effect is the sum of the direct effect and the indirect effect of knowledge on practice via attitude
^*Gender, age, region, marital status, education level, and monthly income were included as control variables

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