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Type of review

 - Narrative

25 (69.4)

[20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]

 - Meta-analysis

11 (30.5)

[7, 13, 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]

At least one primary study undertaken in:

 - UK

8 (22.2)

^a

 - USA or Canada

34 (94.4)

^a

 - Australia

9 (25)

^a

 - Other European Country

8 (22.2)

^a

 - South Asia

6 (16.7)

^a

 - Southern America

2 (5.6)

^a

Primary source of disadvantage identified as exposure:

 - Young mothers

6 (16.7)

[20, 21, 35, 41, 48, 54]

 - Minoritised ethnic groups

10 (27.3)

[13, 29, 36, 37, 42, 45, 46, 49, 50, 53]

 - Intimate Personal Violence

4 (11.1)

[24, 31, 39, 40]

 - Mental Health

7 (3 as dual exposure^b) (19.4)

[22, 26, 27, 35,36,37,38]

 - Socioeconomic disadvantage

11 (30.5)

[7, 23, 28, 30, 32,33,34, 43, 44, 51, 52]

 - Substance misuse

1 (2.8)

[25]

 - Criminal Justice System

0 (0.0)

 - Victims of modern slavery

0 (0.0)

 - Homelessness or insecure housing

0 (0.0)

 - Experience of sex work

0 (0.0)

Timing of Intervention

 - Pre-conception

0 (0.0)

 - Pregnancy

12 (33.3)

[7, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 34, 39, 43, 44, 46, 48]

 - Postnatal

3 (8.3)

[21, 27, 31]

 - Pregnancy & postnatal

21 (58.3)

^a

Outcome domain

 - Maternal Health e.g., depression, interpersonal violence, or unintended repeat pregnancy

24 (66.6)

^a

 - Breastfeeding

13 (36.1)

^a

 - Infant / Child Health e.g., preterm birth, low birth weight

21 (7)

^a

 - Attendance or engagement with care e.g., timing of the first antenatal appointment or uptake of childhood immunizations or family planning

10 (27.8)

^a