Table 2 Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis
Author (year) | Country | Cohort study & follow-up | Characteristics of participants | UPF survey | Diagnoses of DM | Analysis method | RR or HR (95% CI) | Covariates adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
鈥僀丑别苍 et al. (2023) [29] | United States | NHS (32 years) | 71 871 women aged 30鈥�55 years | Self-administered 130-items semi-quantitative FFQ, every 2鈥�4 years | Self-reports by participants identified through follow-up questionnaires and confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire | Cox proportional hazards regression | Quintiles: Q1 (Reference) Q2 HR: 1.06 (95%CI 0.98鈥�1.15) Q3 HR: 1.17 (95%CI 1.08鈥�1.26) Q4 HR: 1.27 (95%CI 1.18鈥�1.37). Q5 HR: 1.36 (95%CI 1.26鈥�1.46) For each 10% HR 1.13 (95% CI 1.11鈥�1.15) | Age, race, family history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia at baseline, history of hypertension at baseline, baseline BMI, smoking status, physical activity, oral contraceptive use, postmenopausal hormone use, physical examination in the past 2 years, neighborhood income, total alcohol consumption, and total energy intake |
鈥僀丑别苍 et al. (2023) [29] | United States | NHSII (26 years) | 87 918 women aged 25鈥�44 years | Self-administered 130-items semi-quantitative FFQ, every 2鈥�4 years | Self-reports by participants identified through follow-up questionnaires and confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire | Cox proportional hazards regression | Quintiles: Q1 (Reference) Q2 HR: 1.23 (95% 1.12鈥�1.34). Q3 HR: 1.33 (95%CI 1.22鈥�1.45) Q4 HR:1.37 (95%CI1.26-1.50) Q5 HR:1.63 (95%CI1.50-1.76 For each 10% HR 1.11 (95%CI 1.09鈥�1.13) | Age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia at baseline, history of hypertension at baseline, baseline BMI, smoking status, physical activity, postmenopausal hormone use, oral contraceptive use, physical examination, neighborhood income, total alcohol consumption, and total energy |
鈥僀丑别苍 et al. (2023) [29] | United States | HPFS (30 years) | 38 847 men aged 40鈥�75 years | Self-administered 130-items semi-quantitative FFQ, every 2鈥�4 years | Self-reports by participants identified through follow-up questionnaires and confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire | Cox proportional hazards regression | Quintiles: Q1 (Reference) Q2 HR:1.08 (95%CI 0.96鈥�1.21). Q3 HR: 1.16 (95%CI 1.04鈥�1.30). Q4 HR: 1.22 (95%CI 1.09鈥�1.37). Q5 HR:1.41 (95%CI 1.26鈥�1.58) For each 10% HR 1.09 (95%CI 1.06, 1.13) | Age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia at baseline, history of hypertension at baseline, baseline BMI, smoking status, physical activity, physical examination, neighborhood income, total alcohol consumption, and total energy |
鈥僉别惫测 et al. (2021) [30] | UK | UK Biobank (5.4 years) | 21 730 participants aged 40鈥�79 years, 52.9% were women | Web-based, self-administered questionnaire in the previous 24 hours at baseline and within 3 years after | Self-report and nurse-interview data. Derived an algorithm to identify people with or without incident type 2 diabetes | Cox proportional hazards regression | Quartiles: Q1 (Reference) Q2 HR: 0.98 (95%CI 0.68鈥�1.39) Q3 HR: 1.10 (95% CI 0.76鈥�1.55) Q4 HR: 1.44 (95%CI 1.04鈥�2.02) For each 10% HR 1.12 (95%CI 1.04鈥�1.20) | Age, family history of diabetes, sex, ethnicity, Index of Multiple Deprivation, physical activity level, current smoking status,total energy intake, BMI at baseline |
鈥侨谤辞耻谤 et al. (2020) [31] | France | Nutrinet Sant茅 (6.0 years) | 104 707 participants aged more than 18 years, 79.2% were women | 3 non-consecutive validated web-based 24-hour dietary records at baseline and every 6 months, randomly assigned over a 2-week period (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) | Self-questionnaires linked to medical databases of the SNIIRAM | Cox proportional hazards regression | For each 10% HR 1.15 (95%CI 1.06鈥�1.25) | Age, sex, educational level, baseline BMI, physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol intake, number of 24-hour dietary records, energy intake without alcohol, family history of diabetes, overall nutritional quality of the diet, number of 24-hour dietary records, energy intake, FSAm-NPS DI score, and family history of type 2 diabetes |
Obesity | ||||||||
鈥僐补耻产别谤 et al. (2021) [32] | England, Scotland and Wales | UK Biobank (5.0 years) | 22 659 participants aged 40鈥�69 years and 52.1% were women | Web-based 24-hour dietary records at the end of the recruitment between the next two years (4 times). | BMI at baseline and follow-up. | Cox proportional hazards regression | Quartiles: Q1 (Reference) Q2 HR: 1.21 (95%CI 1.00鈥�1.47) Q3 HR: 1.17 (95%CI 0.97鈥�1.42) Q4 HR: 1.62 (95%CI 1.35鈥�1.94). For each 10% HR:1.11 (95%CI 1.07鈥�1.15) | Sex, Index of Multiple Deprivation, physical activity, smoking status, sleep duration, BMI at baseline |
鈥僀补苍丑补诲补 et al. (2017) [33] | Brazil | ELSA-Brasil (3.8 years) | 11 827 participants aged 35鈥�74 years, and 55% were women | FFQ at baseline. (Evaluate diet in the last 12 months). | The annual weight gain in BMI. At baseline and after a mean 3.8 years | Poisson regression | Quartiles: Q1 (Reference) Q2 RR: 1.12 (95%CI 0.92鈥�1.35) Q3 RR 1.03 (95% CI 0.85鈥�1.26) Q4 RR 1.11 (95%CI 0.91鈥�1.36) For each 15% RR 1.13 (95%CI 1.01鈥�1.26) | Age, sex, race, centre, income, school achievement, smoking, and physical activity |