Table 1 Summary statistics of student individual and family characteristics
Characteristics | Mean / N | Std. Dev / % | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Student characteristics | ||||
Endline Standardeized Math Scores | 0.14 | (1.00) | -2.7 | 2.4 |
Endline Mental Health | 35.22 | (13.84) | 0 | 89 |
Baseline Standardeized Math Scores | 0.06 | (0.97) | -3 | 2.6 |
Baseline Mental Health | 36.15 | (12.83) | 0 | 82 |
Commuting time, hours | 0.27 | (0.23) | 0 | 2.2 |
Age(years) | 10.49 | (0.97) | 9 | 12 |
Gender(male=1,N,%) | 0.5 | (0.50) | 0 | 1 |
Commutes by walking(yes=1) | 0.93 | (0.25) | 0 | 1 |
Commutes by bike(yes=1) | 0.02 | (0.15) | 0 | 1 |
Commutes by car(yes=1) | 0.02 | (0.16) | 0 | 1 |
Commutes by tricycle, electric bike, motorcycle and other(yes=1) | 0.02 | (0.14) | 0 | 1 |
Parental and family characteristics | ||||
Household wealth is in the bottom third a(yes=1) | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 1 |
Household wealth is in the middle third a(yes=1) | 0.35 | (0.48) | 0 | 1 |
Household wealth is in the top third a(yes=1) | 0.34 | (0.47) | 0 | 1 |
Family spending on education (RMB yuan) | 124.98 | (689.46) | 0 | 60,200 |
Types of Hukou (urban=1) | 0.05 | (0.21) | 0 | 1 |
Have any brothers and sisters(yes=1) | 0.91 | (0.28) | 0 | 1 |
Left-behind child(yes=1) | 0.13 | (0.34) | 0 | 1 |
Parents supervise homework(yes=1) | 0.62 | (0.48) | 0 | 1 |
Father has high school education or above(yes=1) | 0.14 | (0.34) | 0 | 1 |
Mother has high school education or above(yes=1) | 0.08 | (0.28) | 0 | 1 |
Father does farm work(yes=1) | 0.87 | (0.34) | 0 | 1 |
Mother does farm work(yes=1) | 0.86 | (0.35) | 0 | 1 |
Instrumental variable | ||||
Square km per inhabitant in county b | 0.006 | (0.01) | 0.006 | 0.02 |
Share of population in county living in urban areas | 0.41 | (0.24) | 0.2 | 1 |
Mediator | ||||
Sleeping time, hours | 9.03 | (1.04) | 3.2 | 14 |
Outdoor activity time after school, hours | 0.39 | (0.47) | 0 | 2 |
Study time after school, hours | 0.88 | (0.58) | 0 | 2 |
N | 12,394 | |||
Note: | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |