Table 2 Multiple linear regression model for the effect of commute time on school performance and mental health
| 听 | Academic Performance (OLS) | Mental Health Test Scores (OLS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
coefficient (Std.) | P-value | coefficient (Std.) | P-value | |
Commuting time, hours | -0.143** | 0.010 | 2.500*** | 0.000 |
(0.055) | -0.535 | |||
Baseline Standardeized Math Scores | 0.553*** | 0.000 | -0.159 | 0.248 |
(0.011) | -0.137 | |||
Baseline Mental Health Test Scores | -0.002** | 0.015 | 0.579*** | 0.000 |
(0.001) | -0.01 | |||
Age (years) | -0.153*** | 0.000 | 0.377*** | 0.006 |
(0.014) | -0.136 | |||
Gender (male=1) | 0.039** | 0.006 | -2.146*** | 0.000 |
(0.014) | -0.238 | |||
Commuting ways(reference group: by walking) | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Commutes by bike | -0.058 | 0.319 | 0.665 | 0.438 |
-0.058 | -0.857 | |||
Commutes by car | 0.178** | 0.001 | -1.843** | 0.031 |
(0.055) | -0.849 | |||
Commutes by tricycle, electric bike, motorcycle and other | 0.004 | 0.932 | 0.672 | 0.494 |
(0.050) | -0.982 | |||
Household wealth(reference group: the bottom third) | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Household wealth is in the middle third | 0.035* | 0.094 | 0.036 | 0.887 |
(0.021) | -0.255 | |||
Household wealth is in the top third | 0.031 | 0.19 | -0.165 | 0.569 |
(0.024) | -0.289 | |||
Family spending on education | <-0.001 | 0.751 | <0.001 | 0.102 |
(<0.001) | (<0.001) | |||
Types of Hukou (urban=1) | 0.022 | 0.642 | 0.46 | 0.352 |
(0.048) | -0.493 | |||
Have any brothers and sisters(yes=1) | 0.003 | 0.911 | 0.888** | 0.024 |
(0.024) | -0.39 | |||
Left-behind child(yes=1) | -0.072** | 0.005 | 0.867** | 0.015 |
(0.026) | -0.353 | |||
Parents supervise homework(yes=1) | 0.036* | 0.067 | 0.663*** | 0.008 |
(0.020) | -0.25 | |||
Father has high school education or above(yes=1) | 0.051** | 0.014 | -0.155 | 0.642 |
(0.021) | -0.333 | |||
Mother has high school education or above(yes=1) | 0.038 | 0.15 | -0.005 | 0.991 |
(0.026) | -0.436 | |||
Father does farm work(yes=1) | -0.017 | 0.489 | 0.296 | 0.411 |
(0.025) | -0.36 | |||
Mother does farm work(yes=1) | -0.061** | 0.016 | 0.215 | 0.55 |
(0.025) | -0.359 | |||
N | 12,323 | 12,323 | 11,978 | 11,978 |
R-squared | 0.3681 | 0.3681 | 0.3131 | 0.3131 |