Table 6 Heterogeneity analysis: gender dimension, grade dimension, household wealth, left-behind child, and parental education dimension
| 听 | Boys | Girls | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Household wealth in bottom 1/3 | Household wealth in top 1/3 | Left-behind children | Non-left-behind children | Both parents with < 12 years of education | One or both parents with >= 12 years of education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Panel A. Heterogeneous effects on academic performance | ||||||||||
Commuting time, hours | -1.220*** | -1.685*** | -0.714 | -2.138*** | -1.245** | -1.875*** | -1.392*** | -1.619** | -1.559*** | -0.718 |
(0.353) | (0.441) | (0.488) | (0.493) | (0.549) | (0.430) | (0.370) | (0.602) | (0.373) | (0.534) | |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
IV | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 6174 | 6149 | 6107 | 6216 | 3815 | 4181 | 10,744 | 1579 | 10,091 | 2207 |
R-squared | 0.326 | 0.240 | 0.336 | 0.177 | 0.295 | 0.257 | 0.299 | 0.206 | 0.261 | 0.344 |
Panel B. Heterogeneous effects on mental health test scores | ||||||||||
Commuting time, hours | 11.81** | 21.08*** | 8.988* | 23.13*** | 9.854 | 10.62** | 17.20*** | 1.502 | 15.61*** | 19.93** |
(4.330) | (5.817) | (5.072) | (5.479) | (6.953) | (4.514) | (4.383) | (7.008) | (4.148) | (7.791) | |
Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
IV | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 6174 | 6149 | 6107 | 6216 | 3815 | 4181 | 1579 | 10,744 | 10,091 | 2207 |
R-squared | 0.273 | 0.234 | 0.268 | 0.248 | 0.282 | 0.336 | 0.258 | 0.319 | 0.268 | 0.261 |